Describe different mycotoxins associate with food. What is botulism?

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that are naturally produced by certain types of moulds (fungi). Moulds that can produce mycotoxins grow on numerous foodstuffs such as cereals, dried fruits, nuts and spices. Mould growth can occur either before harvest or after harvest, during storage, on/in the food itself often under warm, damp and humid conditions. Most mycotoxins are chemically stable and survive food processing.

Several hundred different mycotoxins have been identified, but the most commonly observed mycotoxins that present a concern to human health and livestock include aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, fumonisins, zearalenone and nivalenol/deoxynivalenol. Mycotoxins appear in the food chain as a result of  mould infection of  crops both before and after harvest. Exposure to mycotoxins can happen either directly by eating infected food or indirectly from animals that are fed contaminated feed, in particular from milk.

The effects of some food-borne mycotoxins are acute with symptoms of severe illness appearing quickly after consumption of food products contaminated with mycotoxins. Other mycotoxins occurring in food have been linked to long-term effects on health, including the induction of cancers and immune deficiency. Of the several hundred mycotoxins identified so far, about a dozen have gained the most attention due to their severe effects on human health and their occurrences in food.      

Aflatoxins are amongst the most poisonous mycotoxins and are produced by certain moulds (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus) which grow in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains. Crops that are frequently affected by Aspergillus spp. include ______ _______ ___ ____ __________ _______.
________ _________ _________ _____ _______.
________ ____ __________ ______ _______ _________ _________ __________ ___ ______ ______ ____.
___ ______ ______ ________ _________ ______ _____ __________.
________ ____ __________ ______ ________ __________ _______ _____ _______.
_________ _________ _____ __________ _______ ____ _____ ______ ___.
____ ______ _______ ____ _________ ____ _________ ________ ____ ______ ___.
__________ _____ ____ ____ ________ __________ ________ ______ ___ __________ _______.
__________ ______ _____ __________ _________ ________ _________ ___ ________ ___.
______ _________ ________ ____ ___ ________ ______ _________ ___ ________.
______ __________ ______ _________ ____ _______ ___ ______.
___ __________ ____ ____ _________ _______.
____ _______ __________ ________ ________ ________ ______ _______ ____ __________ ____.
________ ________ _____ ___ _____ ____ ___ ___ _______ ___ ________ _________.
________ _______ _______ ________ _________ ___ ______ _________ __________ _____ _________.
_____ ______ _____ ____ ________ _____ _____ _________ ___ ______.
__________ ______ _______ ______ _____ ________ ______.
_________ _________ ______ _______ ______ __________ _____ ____ _______ ________ ______.
_______ ______ ___ ______ __________ ______ _____ __________.
_______ ____ _______ _______ _________ ________.
____ _______ ______ ___ __________ _______ ______ _______ ____ _______ _____ _______.
________ ________ ________ _________ _____.
__________ ______ _______ ________ ______ _____ _________ __________ ________ ________ ___.
________ _______ _______ ____ ____ _____ _________ ________ ________ _________ ___.
_______ ___ _______ ______ ________ ____ ________ ________ _________.
___ _______ ______ _____ __________ _________.
____ ______ ____ ______ ____ __________ ________ _______ __________.
____ _________ ____ ___ ________ ______ _____ _______ __________ ________ ____.
___ ___ _________ _____ _____ ______ ______ __________ ____ ________ ____.
___ __________ ______ _______ ____ _____ _______ ____ _______.
_______ ________ ________ _______ ________ _____ _________ __________.
_________ ____ ________ _______ ____ ___ _______ _________ _________ ______ _______.
______ ________ __________ ____ ____ __________ ______.
_______ ______ _________ _________ ________ ______ ___ ________ ______ __________ _________ ____.
__________ _________ __________ ____ ________ __________.
____ _______ ____ ___ ___ _____ ________ _____ ___ ____.
______ ____ ______ _______ _____ __________ _________ _____ ___.
_________ ___ ___ __________ __________.
__________ ______ ___ _______ __________ ____ _________ ___ ______ ____ _______ _____.
__________ ___ ________ ____ _______.
________ _________ _____ _____ _____ ______ _____.
_______ ____ ______ ____ ______ ______ _____ ____.
____ _____ ____ _______ ________ ___ ______ ________ _______.
___ ___ ______ ______ __________ ___ ______ ________.
_________ ___ ____ __________ _____ _______ __________ _____ ______ _______ __________ ______.
__________ ____ _________ _______ ___.
__________ ________ ______ __________ _______ __________ ______ ___ _______.
_________ _____ ___ ______ ____ _______ ____ _________ _________ _______.
__________ _________ _____ ___ ______ _____.
______ _______ __________ __________ ____.
______ __________ _________ _______ _____ ________ ____ ___ _____ ______ _______.
________ ________ _____ ____ ________ ________ ___.
_________ _____ ___ _______ _____ ______ ________ ___ ____.
_____ ________ ___ ______ _______ _________ __________ _____ ________ _________ _____ ______.
________ _________ __________ __________ _______ ________ __________ ___ _______ ________ ________ ___.
___ _________ _____ _________ _______ ___ ___ _____ ___.
______ _____ ____ ____ ________ _______ _________ _________ ___.
_______ ___ ______ _________ _________ __________ ____ ______ __________ ________.
_____ ____ ___ ________ _______ _________ ________ _________ ______ _______ ____.
________ ________ ____ __________ _________ _______ ______ ________ __________ ____.
_____ ________ ______ __________ _____ ________ ______ __________ ______.
__________ ____ _________ __________ ______ __________ __________ _______ _____.
____ _______ ____ ________ ______.
_________ ___ __________ __________ ________ ______.
___ ____ ____ __________ ______ ____ ____.
___ _____ _____ _________ ______ ________.
________ _______ ____ __________ __________ _____ _________ ___.
____ __________ __________ _____ ______ ___ ________ ______ ____ ___.
__________ ________ ________ __________ _______ __________ ______ ____ ________ _____ _____.
_______ _______ _______ _______ _________.
______ _____ ____ ___ ______ _________ _________.
______ ________ ___ __________ _____ _____ ________ _____ ____ _______ ________.
_________ _________ _______ ______ _____ _______ __________.
_____ __________ ________ _________ ____ ________.
___ __________ ___ _______ ____ _____ ___.
__________ ______ _______ _________ _______ ______ ________ ___ ________ ________.
__________ _______ __________ ________ ____ ________ __________.
_____ _________ _____ __________ _________ ___ _______ _______ _________ ____ ___ _____.
_____ _________ ___ ______ ____ _______ ________ ______ ______.
____ _______ ____ ______ _____ __________ ____ _______ ___.
________ __________ __________ _____ _________ ________ ____ _______ _________.
_________ _____ ______ ___ __________ ____ ____ _______ _____.
__________ ________.
Get Full Answer on WhatsApp