What are different means of controlling the microorganisms?

Physical Factors Effective in the Control of Microorganisms:

A variety of microbial control methods involve physical factors such as temperature, pressure and radiation. Variations exist within these categories, and in some cases, more than one factor can be applied simultaneously. Some specific examples are listed below.

1. Temperature

a.) Freezing (exposure to low temperatures) –

Freezing is a bacteristatic physical control method applied frequently in a wide variety of settings. Freezing is used extensively to control microorganisms associated with food materials, drugs, research chemicals, etc. Freezing effectively inhibits the growth of most microorganisms by stopping metabolic processes, but is rarely cidal to bacteria because most of them are psychroduric. Bacteria culture collections are typically maintained in ultra low freezers (at temperatures of minus 72 to minus 80o C) and remain fully viable. It is important to remember when thawing large frozen food items (e.g., turkeys) that the external surfaces can reach temperatures suitable for microbial growth long before the center is thawed. Microorganisms and nutrients are typically abundant on skin surfaces and growth will occur if moderate temperatures are maintained for any length of time. Cold temperatures commonly maintained within refrigeration units slow metabolic processes and effectively prevent the growth of some types of microorganisms, but not all. Potential pathogens including Campylobacter and Listeria can grow on food materials maintained at temperatures common within most refrigerators.

b. Pasteurization –

Pasteurization is a control method developed by Lewis Pasteur and first tested in 1862. It involves the application of heat (at a specified temperature) for a specific period of time, and is intended to bring about a logarithmic reduction in the number of viable cells present, so that spoilage due to microorganisms is prevented, or at least slowed. Heat will denature enzymes essential to metabolism if applied appropriately. In our laboratory we Pasteurized soil samples by placing them into boiling water (100o C) for one minute. If lower temperatures are used, the exposure time is increased, and if higher temperatures are used the exposure time is decreased. Pasteurization was used initially to control microorganisms associated with ____ ______ ___ _____ _________ ____ _____ _________.
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