Define infiltration. Describe the procedure of its measurements. Enlist different factors affecting infiltration.

Infiltration is the process by which water enters the soil surface and moves down into the soil profile. It is a critical component of the hydrological cycle, as it determines the amount of water available for groundwater recharge and influences surface runoff. Infiltration occurs when rain or irrigation water percolates through the soil, driven by gravity and capillary forces. The rate of infiltration, referred to as the infiltration rate, is not constant but varies depending on various factors such as soil type, vegetation cover, land use, and weather conditions. Accurate measurements of infiltration are essential for understanding the hydrological behavior of a region and for designing water management strategies, such as drainage systems, irrigation practices, and flood control measures.

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