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Economic liberalisation introduced in India in 1991 transformed the occupational structure of urban areas by shifting the economy from state-led development to market-oriented growth. The opening of markets, privatization, globalization, and technological advancement created new employment opportunities while also reshaping the nature of work, labour relations, and occupational mobility. From the perspective of urban sociology, liberalisation not only altered the distribution of occupations but also changed class relations, migration patterns, and social inequalities within cities. One of the most significant impacts has been the rapid expansion of the service sector. Information technology, business process outsourcing, banking, finance, insurance, telecommunications, retail, hospitality, healthcare, and education emerged as major employers in metropolitan cities such as Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune, Gurugram, and Chennai. These sectors generated high-skilled and well-paid employment opportunities for educated urban youth, leading to the growth of a new middle class characterized by higher incomes, consumerism, and global lifestyles. Economic liberalisation also accelerated the decline in the relative importance of manufacturing employment in many urban centres. While industrial production expanded in some sectors, technological modernization and automation reduced _________ ___ ___ ____ _______ ___ ______.
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