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The Sautrantika and Vaibhasika schools are two major sub-schools of the Sarvastivada tradition within Buddhist philosophy, and both are part of the broader Abhidharma tradition. While both schools accept the authority of the Abhidharma and the existence of dharmas (phenomenal constituents of reality), they differ significantly in their interpretation of reality, perception, and epistemology. The Vaibhasika school is more orthodox and relies heavily on the *Mahāvibhāṣā*, considering all dharmas to exist in all three times: past, present, and future. According to Vaibhasikas, dharmas are real and have a self-nature (*svabhāva*), and their existence is independent of cognition. They accept direct perception (*pratyakṣa*) as a means of valid knowledge and argue that the external world is ___ __________ ____ __________ __________ _______.
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