Compare nature of Sufyanid and Marwanid Ummayad Caliphates. How did Malik bin Marwan change the nature of Ummayad Caliphate from loose organization to a centralizing state.

THE UMMAYAD CALIPHATE: SUFYANID1 PERIOD

The governor of Syria Muawiyah I founded the Ummayad Caliphate right in the wake of Caliph Ali’s assassination in 661 CE that also marked the end of the first. An extremely successful dynasty, Muawiyah, the first Ummayad Caliph, shifted the capital to Damascus owing to the city’s cosmopolitan openness and partly due to Medinian resentment towards him. In Medina Muawiyah’s agricultural activities had aroused widespread resentment from Amsar. Natives in Medina began to feel that their city was being captured by an absentee landlord. In addition Muawiyah had been the governor of Syria for over fifteen years. Thus governing such a vast empire, Syria was a fitting setting as well as a strong power base for Muawiyah I. While in power Muawiyah I (661-680 CE) had refashioned political authority intended to cope with factionalism within the ruling bureaucracy and to preserve political unity of Muslim Umma. Under Muawiyah I the Islamic Caliphate underwent an unparalled territorial expansion far and wide: the conquests were again carried on in North Africa under the command of Uqba bin Nafi and in eastern Iran in Khurasan, gateway to Transoxiana, under Ziyad ibn Abi Sufiyan. More than fifty thousand Arab families were pushed into Khurasan for settlement. The Caliph Muawiyah I made Khurasan a separate province under the governorship of Ubaidullah ibn Ziyad. Muawiyah I was able to build a powerful military mostly of Syrian tribes and a navy around sea of Marmora. These massive expeditions were motivated by desire for booty to satisfy the tribal chiefs and divert the feuding Kalb and Quda’a tribesmen to foreign lands. In addition ___ ________ _____ _________ ______ __________.
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