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The placenta is a temporary, highly specialized fetomaternal organ that develops during pregnancy and plays a vital role in maintaining the health, growth, and survival of the fetus. It forms an essential connection between the mother and the developing fetus and performs respiratory, nutritive, excretory, endocrine, metabolic, and protective functions. In maternal health nursing, knowledge of the placenta is important because abnormalities of placental development, position, attachment, and separation can seriously affect both maternal and fetal health. The placenta begins to develop soon after implantation of the fertilized ovum in the uterine endometrium. The outer layer of the blastocyst, called the trophoblast, differentiates into the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. Chorionic villi develop from the trophoblastic tissue and progressively become associated with maternal blood vessels. The fetal part of the placenta develops mainly from the chorion frondosum, while the maternal part is formed by the decidua basalis. As pregnancy advances, the placenta becomes well vascularized and establishes an efficient exchange system between maternal and fetal circulations. At term, the placenta is approximately 15–20 cm in diameter, about 2–3 cm thick at its center, and weighs approximately 500 g. It is generally round or oval in shape. The fetal surface is smooth, shiny, and covered by the amnion. Beneath the amnion, the branches of the umbilical vessels can be seen radiating from the insertion of ____ _________ ______ __________ ________ ____ ___ __________ ______ _______ _______ ______.
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