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The foetal membranes are specialized structures that surround and protect the developing foetus during pregnancy. They provide a protective environment, facilitate the exchange of substances, contribute to nutrition and immunity, and play an important role during labour and delivery. In maternal health nursing, knowledge of the foetal membranes is essential for understanding normal pregnancy, amniotic fluid, rupture of membranes, complications such as premature rupture of membranes, and the mechanism of labour. The principal foetal membranes are the amnion and chorion. Other structures closely associated with the foetal membranes include the yolk sac, allantois, and decidua, although the amnion and chorion constitute the major membranes surrounding the foetus in later pregnancy. The amnion is the innermost and most delicate foetal membrane. It directly surrounds the amniotic cavity and the foetus. It is a thin, transparent, avascular membrane composed mainly of epithelial cells and connective tissue. The amnion produces and helps regulate amniotic fluid and provides a smooth surface around the foetus. As pregnancy advances, the amnion expands considerably and comes into close contact with the chorion. The amniotic cavity contains amniotic fluid, which is essential for normal foetal development. Amniotic fluid provides a cushioning effect and protects the foetus from mechanical injury. It permits free movement of the foetus, which is important for the normal development of muscles and bones. It also helps maintain a relatively stable _______ _________ _________ __________ _______ ______ _________ ___ ________ _____ ______ _________.
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