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Critical Theory has emerged as a significant school of thought in the discipline of public administration, particularly within the framework of administrative theory. Developed primarily by thinkers associated with the Frankfurt School—such as Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, and later Jürgen Habermas—Critical Theory aims to critique and change society, rather than merely understand or describe it. In the realm of public administration, it serves as a tool for examining underlying power structures, questioning accepted norms and practices, and advocating for democratic values, citizen participation, and social justice. Critical Theory challenges the traditional positivist and normative approaches that have dominated public administration for decades. Traditional public administration, as influenced by classical thinkers like Max Weber and Woodrow Wilson, emphasized hierarchy, efficiency, rationality, and a clear separation between politics and administration. This approach promoted neutrality, value-free decision-making, and top-down structures that often failed to consider the human, ethical, and political dimensions of public service. In contrast, Critical Theory brings a humanistic and emancipatory perspective that seeks to uncover the hidden mechanisms of domination and inequality within administrative systems. One of the primary contributions of Critical Theory to public administration is its focus on power and domination. _____ ____ ______ ___ __________ ____ _______ _______ ____ _______ ________ ____.
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