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Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive disease of the arteries characterized by the accumulation of lipids, cholesterol, inflammatory cells, fibrous tissue, and calcium within the inner lining of medium and large arteries. These deposits, known as atherosclerotic plaques, gradually narrow the arterial lumen and reduce blood flow to vital organs. Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. It is a major public health problem worldwide and is responsible for significant morbidity, disability, and mortality. Community nutrition plays a crucial role in the prevention and management of atherosclerosis because dietary habits strongly influence blood lipid levels, body weight, blood pressure, inflammation, and overall cardiovascular health. The term atherosclerosis is derived from two Greek words: "athero," meaning gruel or paste, and "sclerosis," meaning hardening. The disease develops over many years and often begins in childhood or adolescence, although symptoms usually appear later in adulthood. It is considered a lifestyle-related disorder that results from the interaction of genetic, environmental, dietary, and behavioral factors. The arterial wall consists of three layers: the intima, media, and adventitia. Atherosclerosis primarily affects the intima. Damage to the endothelial lining initiates the disease process. Endothelial injury may result from hypertension, elevated cholesterol, smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and chronic inflammation. Once the endothelium is damaged, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol enters the arterial wall and undergoes oxidation. Oxidized LDL attracts monocytes, which migrate into the intima and transform into macrophages. These macrophages engulf oxidized LDL and become foam cells, forming fatty streaks, which are the earliest visible lesions of atherosclerosis. As the disease progresses, smooth muscle cells migrate from the media into the intima and produce collagen and extracellular matrix. This process results in the formation of a fibrous cap over the lipid-rich core. Gradually, calcium deposits accumulate within the plaque, making the artery stiff and less elastic. Plaques may remain stable for years or become unstable and rupture. Plaque rupture exposes thrombogenic material to the bloodstream, leading to clot formation. A thrombus may partially or completely block blood flow, causing myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or sudden cardiac death. Several risk factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Some are non-modifiable, while others are modifiable through lifestyle changes and community nutrition interventions. Non-modifiable risk factors include increasing age, male gender, family history of cardiovascular disease, and genetic ________ ______ _____ ___ ____ ____ ____ ________ _______ ___ _____ ____.
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