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The trade union movement in India has been a central force in shaping industrial relations and influencing labour laws over the past century. Emerging during the colonial period in response to harsh working conditions, long hours, inadequate wages, and lack of safety measures, trade unions gradually became organized entities that addressed not only the grievances of workers but also the systemic inequities in the industrial framework. Over the decades, they have influenced legislative reforms, promoted collective bargaining, and provided a platform for workers to assert their rights within the legal and institutional frameworks of the country. One of the most important contributions of the trade union movement to industrial relations in India is the institutionalization of collective bargaining. Before the rise of unions, industrial relations were largely characterized by unilateral employer decisions, with workers having little negotiating power. The spread of trade unionism created a counterbalance to employer dominance, enabling workers to negotiate wages, working hours, bonus structures, and safety measures. Collective agreements have played a role in stabilizing industrial relations by preventing disputes from escalating into prolonged strikes or lockouts. For example, in the textile, steel, and mining industries, collective bargaining has led to agreements on annual bonuses, paid leave, provident fund contributions, and ________ _________ ______ ______ _______.
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