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The nature of public service has undergone significant transformation over the past few decades. Driven by socio-economic changes, globalization, technological advancement, increasing citizen expectations, and the evolving role of government in a democratic setup, public service has shifted from a rigid, bureaucratic system to a more responsive, accountable, and performance-oriented framework. Public service today is no longer confined to mere administration or regulation; it has expanded to encompass service delivery, governance, citizen participation, and innovation. This evolution is particularly significant within the framework of Public Systems Management (PSM), which emphasizes the efficient and effective functioning of public organizations and services. Historically, public service was primarily defined by its bureaucratic nature, as theorized by Max Weber. It emphasized hierarchy, rules and regulations, impersonality, and permanence. The core objective was to ensure law and order, collect revenue, and maintain administrative control. The public servant's role was largely that of an implementer of policies and rules, with minimal discretion or innovation. This traditional model functioned effectively in a stable socio-political environment with limited expectations from the state. However, with the rise of welfare state models in the mid-20th century, the scope of public services expanded rapidly. Citizens began to expect more comprehensive services related to education, health, infrastructure, and social welfare. Public systems were now required to cater to broader development goals, poverty alleviation, and ___ ______ _______ ________ _________ ______ __________ _________.
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