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Fred W. Riggs, a prominent scholar in the field of comparative public administration, developed the Fused-Prismatic-Diffracted model to explain the structural and functional characteristics of administrative systems, particularly in developing countries. His model draws on ecological and structural-functional approaches, aiming to understand how societies evolve and how administrative structures transform as societies move from traditional to modern stages. The model conceptualizes societal development in terms of three ideal types—Fused, Prismatic, and Diffracted—each representing a stage in the socio-administrative continuum. Although these types are idealized, they help in comparing and analyzing real-world administrative systems. The Fused Model represents traditional, agrarian, and largely undifferentiated societies. In such societies, the structures of governance, religion, economy, and social order are merged into a single, unified system. There is little separation between political and administrative roles, and formal institutions are underdeveloped. Decision-making is largely personal, hierarchical, and influenced by kinship, religion, and customs. Bureaucracy in fused societies is minimal and lacks specialization. Communication patterns are informal, and authority is derived primarily from tradition rather than legal-rational norms. This stage is characterized by simplicity and stability but lacks adaptability to modern, complex demands. The Prismatic Model represents societies in transition from traditional to modern. These are often developing countries experiencing the pressures of modernization while still retaining significant traditional features. The term "prismatic" refers to the refracted, uneven, and overlapping nature of structures in such societies, much like light passing through a prism and scattering into multiple directions. Riggs emphasized that prismatic societies exhibit heterogeneity, formalism, and overlapping roles, leading to administrative challenges. One key feature of the prismatic model is the coexistence of traditional and modern elements within the same structure. For example, a government department might have formal modern rules but still operate _____ _________ __________ ________ __________ ___ ________ ____ _______ _______.
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