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Population refers to the total number of people living in a defined geographical area at a particular point of time. In demography, population is not merely a count of individuals but a dynamic system characterized by size, structure, distribution, and change. It includes various attributes such as age composition, sex ratio, fertility levels, mortality rates, migration patterns, density, and occupational distribution. Population studies examine how these components interact and influence social, economic, and environmental conditions. Population is central to development planning because the characteristics of people determine labor supply, consumption patterns, dependency ratios, and the demand for health, education, housing, and employment. From a theoretical perspective, population has been interpreted through different models and approaches. Classical theorists emphasized the relationship between population growth and resources, while modern demographic transition theory highlights the shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as societies industrialize. Population policies and programmes aim to regulate fertility, reduce mortality, improve reproductive health, and achieve a balanced demographic structure. To understand these aspects scientifically, demographers use statistical tools and models, among which the life table population model holds a significant place. The life table population model is a systematic method used to describe the mortality and survival patterns of a population. It provides a detailed picture of how a cohort of individuals diminishes over time due to death and helps in understanding life expectancy, survivorship, and probability of dying at different ages. The life table is essentially a tabular representation of mortality experience, typically beginning with a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 births and tracing their survival through successive age intervals until all members have died. The concept of the life table was first developed in the seventeenth century ________ ________ _________ ______ ____ ____ _____ ____.
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