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Infant mortality refers to the death of children before completing one year of age and is considered one of the most sensitive indicators of the health, socio-economic development, and effectiveness of public health systems in a country. In India, infant mortality remains influenced by a complex interaction of demographic, socio-economic, cultural, environmental, and healthcare-related factors. Although significant progress has been made through population policies and health programmes, disparities across regions and social groups continue to affect infant survival. One of the most important factors affecting infant mortality in India is maternal health and nutritional status. Mothers suffering from malnutrition, anemia, or chronic illness are more likely to give birth to low birth weight babies who face higher risks of infection, developmental complications, and early death. Poor maternal nutrition during pregnancy leads to premature births and inadequate fetal growth. Early age at marriage and pregnancy further aggravate maternal health risks, as adolescent mothers are biologically less prepared for childbirth, increasing neonatal complications and infant mortality. Access to quality maternal and child healthcare services plays a decisive role in determining infant survival. Lack of antenatal care prevents early detection of pregnancy-related complications such as hypertension, infections, or gestational diabetes. Many rural and marginalized populations still face limited availability of skilled birth attendants, institutional delivery facilities, and emergency obstetric care. Home deliveries conducted without trained assistance often result in birth injuries, infections, and delayed medical intervention, contributing significantly to infant deaths. Postnatal care is equally crucial in reducing infant mortality. Inadequate monitoring of newborn health during the first weeks of life exposes infants to preventable conditions such as hypothermia, sepsis, respiratory distress, and feeding problems. Failure to ensure early initiation of breastfeeding deprives newborns of colostrum, which provides essential immunity against infections. Improper ________ _________ ______ __________ ____ __________ __________ __________ _______ ___.
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