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Programmed learning refers to a systematic method of instruction in which the subject matter is arranged in a logical sequence of small steps called frames. Each frame presents a small amount of information followed by a question or task that requires the learner to respond actively. The learner immediately receives feedback about the correctness of the response, which helps in reinforcement and self-correction. Programmed learning is based on principles of behaviorist psychology, particularly the ideas of B. F. Skinner, who emphasized reinforcement, active participation, and immediate feedback in learning. In programmed learning, the content is carefully structured so that the learner progresses gradually from simple to complex concepts. This method allows learners to move at their own pace, ensures continuous interaction with the learning material, and reduces the chances of errors because each step is small and manageable. The major characteristics of programmed learning include logical sequencing of content, small steps of instruction, active learner response, immediate confirmation or feedback, self-pacing, and continuous evaluation. In this method the teacher prepares learning material in advance and presents it in frames. Each frame contains information and a question that requires the learner to fill in the answer. The learner checks the answer immediately and then proceeds to the next _____ ______ ____ _____ _____ _____ ___.
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