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Constructivism is a theory of learning which holds that knowledge is not passively received from an external source but actively constructed by learners as they interact with their environment, experiences, and social contexts. According to constructivist thought, learning is a process of meaning-making where individuals interpret new information in the light of their prior knowledge, beliefs, and experiences. Learners are seen as active participants rather than empty vessels, and understanding emerges through exploration, reflection, problem-solving, and dialogue. Constructivism emphasizes that learning is subjective, contextual, and often socially mediated, making it particularly relevant for contemporary educational settings such as Open and Distance Learning where learners are diverse, autonomous, and geographically dispersed. Constructivism has evolved through different schools of thought, most notably cognitive constructivism associated with Jean Piaget and social constructivism associated with Lev Vygotsky. Cognitive constructivism focuses on the individual learner and the internal processes through which knowledge is constructed. Piaget emphasized stages of cognitive development and the role of assimilation and accommodation in learning, suggesting that learners actively reorganize their mental structures when confronted with new experiences. Social constructivism, on the other hand, ___ __________ ___ __________ ___.
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