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Criterion-referenced assessment and norm-referenced assessment are two fundamental approaches to evaluating learning outcomes, each serving distinct educational purposes and reflecting different philosophies of assessment. Criterion-referenced assessment measures a learner’s performance against a predefined set of standards or learning objectives. The focus is on what the learner knows or can do in relation to specific criteria, rather than comparing their performance to that of peers. For instance, in an instructional design context, a course on basic programming might set a criterion that learners must be able to write a functioning program using loops and conditional statements. If a student successfully meets this standard, they are considered proficient, regardless of how other students perform. Criterion-referenced assessments are often used in _____ _______ _____ _________ ______ ________ ___ ______ _____ ___.
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