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Slums during the period from 1206 to 1550 in India—primarily corresponding to the era of the Delhi Sultanate and early regional kingdoms—are rarely studied as distinct spatial categories. However, the dense habitations of the poor, laboring classes, and displaced people in and around medieval towns and cities exhibited characteristics similar to what modern terminology might classify as "slums." These spaces, although marginalized and economically disadvantaged, played a significant role as vibrant socio-cultural hubs, shaping urban life, labor organization, cultural exchange, and even political movements of the time. Urban centers such as Delhi, Lahore, Multan, Badaun, Gaur, Daulatabad, and later cities like Jaunpur and Bidar, witnessed rapid expansion during this period. The influx of people, due to trade, political patronage, administrative needs, or forced migration, led to the overcrowding of urban areas and the emergence of informal settlements. These areas were populated by artisans, weavers, construction workers, entertainers, slaves, and immigrants who could not afford formal housing. Despite their poor material conditions, such localities evolved into dynamic socio-cultural spaces that contributed richly to the urban fabric of medieval Indian cities. A defining feature of such slum-like areas was the coexistence of diverse occupational and ethnic groups. The Delhi Sultanate, for instance, brought an influx of Turks, Persians, Afghans, and Central Asians into urban centers, where they often lived among indigenous Indian communities. In the lower echelons of urban society, Muslim converts, Hindu artisans, _______ __________ ______ __________ ____ __________ __________ __________ __________ ______ ______ ____.
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