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Urban anthropology, as a specialized field within anthropology, developed significantly during the early 20th century, particularly influenced by the intellectual and methodological innovations of the Chicago School. While the origins of anthropology lay largely in the study of tribal, rural, and so-called 'primitive' societies, the advent of the industrial revolution and rapid urbanization compelled scholars to extend their analysis to urban settings. The Chicago School of Sociology, centered at the University of Chicago during the 1910s to 1930s, was instrumental in laying the groundwork for urban anthropology by pioneering new methodological approaches and conceptual frameworks for studying city life. The Chicago School emerged during a period when American cities, especially Chicago, were experiencing massive social transformations. Industrialization, immigration, and urban expansion brought about significant demographic and cultural changes, leading to the formation of ethnic enclaves, slums, and new forms of social organization. The scholars of the Chicago School, including Robert E. Park, Ernest Burgess, and Louis Wirth, approached these developments with an interest in understanding how urban environments shaped human behavior, social relationships, and cultural adaptation. Robert Park, a key figure in the School, emphasized the idea of the city as a social laboratory. He argued that cities should be studied through direct observation and fieldwork, borrowing techniques from anthropology such as participant observation and life histories. This ethnographic orientation was a departure from the dominant statistical and administrative approaches to urban studies at the time. Park’s approach underscored the fluidity and diversity of urban life, emphasizing how individuals and groups negotiated their place within complex, dynamic urban settings. One of the most influential conceptual contributions of the Chicago School was the ecological model of the city, particularly the concentric zone model proposed by Ernest ______ ______ _________ ____ _________ ____ ________ _________ ____ _______.
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