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Intellectual Property Rights are legal rights granted to creators and owners of intellectual creations such as inventions, literary works, artistic expressions, symbols, designs, and trade secrets. When these rights are violated, the law provides a range of remedies to protect the interests of the rights holder and to deter further infringement. Remedies for IPR infringement can broadly be classified into civil remedies, criminal remedies, and administrative remedies, each serving a distinct purpose in enforcement and protection. Civil remedies are the most commonly invoked means of redress in cases of intellectual property infringement. One of the primary civil remedies is an injunction, which is a court order restraining the infringer from continuing the infringing activity. Injunctions may be temporary (interim or interlocutory) or permanent. Temporary injunctions are granted at the initial stages of litigation to prevent ongoing harm until the case is decided, while permanent injunctions are issued after a full trial when infringement is conclusively established. The purpose of an injunction is preventive, aiming to stop further damage rather than compensate for past harm. Another significant civil remedy is the award of damages. Damages are monetary compensation granted to the aggrieved party for the loss suffered due to infringement. The calculation of damages may be based on actual loss, loss of profits, or reasonable royalty that the infringer would have paid if permission had been obtained. In some jurisdictions, courts may also grant punitive or exemplary damages to punish willful infringement and discourage similar conduct in the future. Alongside damages, the court may _______ ________ _________ ______ ____ _______ ___ ___.
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