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Prior Informed Consent (PIC) is a fundamental principle in the framework of Intellectual Property Rights and biodiversity governance, particularly in relation to the use of biological resources and associated traditional knowledge. It refers to the process through which permission is obtained from the rightful holders—such as indigenous communities, local populations, or national authorities—before accessing, using, or exploiting their resources or knowledge. The term itself emphasizes three essential elements: “prior,” meaning consent must be obtained before any access or use begins; “informed,” indicating that all relevant information regarding the intended use must be clearly communicated; and “consent,” signifying that approval must be given voluntarily without coercion. The concept of Prior Informed Consent gained international recognition through the Convention on Biological Diversity, which was adopted in 1992 to promote sustainable development and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of biological resources. Article 15 of the Convention clearly establishes that access to genetic resources shall be subject to PIC of the country providing such resources, unless otherwise determined by that country. This provision reflects the sovereign rights of states over their natural resources and ensures that exploitation does not occur without proper authorization. Further strengthening this framework, the Nagoya Protocol elaborates on the operational aspects of PIC. It provides detailed guidelines on how consent should be obtained and how benefits arising from the use of genetic resources and traditional ____ _________ _____ _______ ______ ________ _______ __________.
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