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Climate change has emerged as one of the greatest environmental challenges of the 21st century, and its impacts are not limited to the terrestrial environment alone. Oceans, which cover about 71 percent of the Earth’s surface and play a crucial role in regulating global climate, are experiencing profound transformations due to rising greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. The ocean ecosystem, which provides vital resources, biodiversity, and regulates climate by absorbing carbon dioxide and heat, is increasingly threatened by human-induced climate change. The impacts on oceans are multi-dimensional, affecting physical, chemical, and biological processes, and in turn altering marine life, habitats, and human livelihoods that depend on these systems. One of the most critical impacts of climate change on the ocean ecosystem is the rise in sea surface temperatures. As atmospheric greenhouse gases trap more heat, oceans absorb over 90 percent of the excess warming. This warming alters ocean circulation patterns and directly affects marine organisms. Many species are highly sensitive to temperature thresholds, and even small increases can disrupt their reproductive cycles, migration patterns, and survival rates. Coral reefs, which thrive in narrow temperature ranges, are especially vulnerable. The phenomenon of coral bleaching occurs when corals expel their symbiotic algae under heat stress, leaving them weak _______ _________ __________ _____ ___.
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