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Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing global challenges of the twenty-first century, and its impacts extend beyond ecosystems and human health to the very foundation of modern society: critical infrastructure. Critical infrastructure refers to the physical and organizational structures that are essential for the functioning of a society and economy, such as energy systems, transportation networks, water supply, healthcare facilities, telecommunications, and built environments. These systems are designed with certain assumptions about climate stability, but as weather patterns become more erratic, sea levels rise, and natural disasters intensify, their resilience and sustainability are being tested in unprecedented ways. The impacts of climate change on critical infrastructure are multifaceted, affecting not only the physical durability of assets but also the social, economic, and political dimensions of how societies manage and respond to crises. One of the most direct impacts of climate change on critical infrastructure is the increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Hurricanes, floods, droughts, heatwaves, and wildfires are becoming more severe and unpredictable, placing immense stress on infrastructure systems that were not designed for such extremes. For example, prolonged heatwaves strain power grids due to surging demand for cooling, leading to blackouts. Similarly, intense flooding can inundate roads, bridges, and railways, disrupting transportation networks that are vital for the movement of goods and people. These disruptions not only damage physical assets but also cause cascading effects across interconnected sectors, demonstrating the vulnerability of complex infrastructure systems in a warming world. The energy sector is particularly exposed to climate-related risks. Rising global temperatures increase the demand for electricity, especially in urban areas where air conditioning becomes a necessity rather than a luxury. _______ _________ ______ _________ _________.
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