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The nature of norms for citizens' participation in administration has undergone significant transformation over time, shaped by changes in political ideologies, administrative theories, socio-economic conditions, and technological advancements. In the traditional bureaucratic model of administration, citizen involvement was minimal, restricted mainly to voting or compliance with state directives. However, with the rise of democratic ideals, participatory governance, and emphasis on transparency and accountability, the norms governing citizen participation have evolved to become more inclusive, dynamic, and institutionalized. In the early phases of public administration, especially under classical theories like those advocated by Woodrow Wilson or Max Weber, the administrative apparatus was viewed as a neutral, technical, and hierarchical system. Participation of citizens was largely viewed as interference in professional administrative tasks. The separation between politics and administration upheld the idea that citizen involvement was limited to the political domain, particularly electoral processes. This framework regarded public administrators as expert implementers of policies made by elected representatives, and the scope for citizens’ direct engagement in day-to-day administrative processes was negligible. With the rise of liberal democratic thought and the shift towards welfare state models, especially post-World War II, the state began to assume greater responsibility for social and economic development. This expanded the role of citizens from passive recipients to stakeholders in governance. Norms began to incorporate mechanisms for public consultation and feedback in policy formulation and service delivery. Citizens started participating through advisory _____ _________ _____ ____ _______ _____.
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