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Karl Marx and Max Weber are two foundational theorists whose insights have deeply influenced the understanding of the relationship between society and public administration. Their frameworks reflect distinct philosophical traditions—Marx drawing from historical materialism and class struggle, and Weber from interpretive sociology and rational-legal authority. Both offer critical perspectives on how administrative systems emerge, function, and interact with broader societal structures, albeit from fundamentally different starting points. Karl Marx’s Conceptualisation of the Society-Administration Relationship Karl Marx viewed public administration as an extension of the class-based structure of society. His analysis is grounded in historical materialism, which posits that the economic base (mode of production) determines the superstructure (institutions, laws, politics, and administration). According to Marx, administration is not neutral but reflects the interests of the ruling class, primarily serving as a mechanism for maintaining class dominance and perpetuating capitalist control. In capitalist society, the state and its administrative organs serve the bourgeoisie. The bureaucratic apparatus, in Marx’s view, is structured to support private property and capital accumulation. Thus, the bureaucracy is not autonomous but a tool that enforces laws, policies, and practices favorable to the dominant class. Public administration is intricately linked to the maintenance of capitalist relations of production and exploitation of the proletariat. Marx’s critique extends to the ideology embedded within administrative institutions. He argues that the administrative state creates a false consciousness among the working classes, presenting itself as impartial and serving the common good, while in reality, it obscures the exploitative nature of capitalist society. The bureaucracy appears as a neutral arbiter but actually functions as a class instrument that suppresses dissent and reinforces structural inequalities. The Paris Commune of 1871 is often cited by Marx as a model of proletarian administration. In this framework, Marx envisioned _________ _________ ___ _______ ____ ______.
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