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Urban development programmes in India such as the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), and the Smart City Mission have played a significant role in shaping the urban landscape of the country. These programmes were introduced to address the challenges of rapid urbanisation, infrastructure deficits, and sustainability concerns. JNNURM, launched in 2005, was one of the first comprehensive urban renewal programmes. Its primary objective was to encourage reforms and fast-track planned development in 63 mission cities. The programme focused on improving urban infrastructure and governance through public transport systems, housing for the poor, water supply, sewerage, and e-governance. The strategy was to link funding to reform-based performance, thereby incentivising states and cities to undertake institutional reforms. __________ ____ ____ _____ _________ __________ ____ _________ ______ __________.
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