Question

 

Evaluate the effectiveness of urban programmes in India such as JNNURM, AMRUT, and Smart City Mission in addressing urban development challenges. Discuss their key features, implementation strategies, and impact on urban sustainability.

23 Jul 2025
Answer :
Word Count : 501
Urban development programmes in India such as the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), and the Smart City Mission have played a significant role in shaping the urban landscape of the country. These programmes were introduced to address the challenges of rapid urbanisation, infrastructure deficits, and sustainability concerns. JNNURM, launched in 2005, was one of the first comprehensive urban renewal programmes. Its primary objective was to encourage reforms and fast-track planned development in 63 mission cities. The programme focused on improving urban infrastructure and governance through public transport systems, housing for _________ _________ ______ ____ _____ _________ _________ ________ _______ _____.
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