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The Central Place Theory (CPT) and the Growth Pole Theory are foundational in urban geography, offering distinct frameworks to understand the spatial organization and development of urban systems. Both theories address the distribution and function of cities, but they diverge in their assumptions, focus, and practical applications. Central Place Theory, originally formulated by Walter Christaller in 1933, posits that settlements serve as "central places" providing goods and services to surrounding hinterlands. It assumes an isotropic plain, uniform population distribution, and equal transportation access. Christaller introduced a hierarchical urban system where settlements are evenly spaced, and higher-order centers offer more specialized services. The theory identifies three principles—marketing (hexagonal market areas), ____ _________ __________ _________ _______ _________ _________ ______ ______.
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