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Eutrophication is the nutrient-enrichment of lentic or slow-moving waterbodies that accelerates algal and macrophyte growth, disturbs ecological balance, and degrades water usability. Although natural aging of lakes gradually elevates productivity, modern farming practices have compressed a geological-scale process into a few decades. In India—where 80 % of inland surface water lies within agricultural landscapes—eutrophication has become a major agri-environmental challenge that links crop production, livestock management, fisheries, and rural livelihoods. The mechanism begins with excess reactive nitrogen (primarily nitrate and ammonia) and bioavailable phosphorus entering ponds, tanks, reservoirs, and canal networks. Once dissolved-inorganic nutrient concentrations surpass the Redfield threshold (≈ 16 N : 1 P by atoms), phytoplankton multiply explosively, forming surface scums that block sunlight. Cellular respiration at night and microbial decomposition of the bloom later strip dissolved oxygen, producing hypoxic or anoxic layers. In severe cases, hydrogen sulfide accumulates, killing fish and benthic fauna. The resultant turbid, odoriferous water is unsuitable for irrigation pivots, livestock drinking, or domestic chores, forcing villages to tap more distant or groundwater sources. Agricultural field runoff remains the principal non-point source. Intensive cereal systems on the Indo-Gangetic and Godavari deltas _________ ___ _____ ______ ________.
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