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The agricultural sector, while vital to food security and economic stability, exposes workers to a wide array of occupational health hazards. These hazards arise from the nature of agricultural tasks, environmental conditions, use of chemicals, and machinery. In developing countries like India, where agriculture is labour-intensive, the risks are even more pronounced due to inadequate safety infrastructure and poor awareness among workers. Understanding these occupational health hazards is critical for improving worker welfare, productivity, and sustainability in the agricultural and allied sectors. 1. Exposure to Pesticides and Agrochemicals One of the most significant health risks in agriculture is exposure to pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and fertilizers. These chemicals, while crucial for enhancing crop yield and protecting plants, pose serious risks to human health when not handled properly. Acute exposure can lead to symptoms like headaches, dizziness, skin and eye irritation, nausea, and respiratory issues. Chronic exposure may result in long-term effects such as cancer, endocrine disruption, reproductive problems, and neurological disorders. Farmers and agricultural workers are often unaware of safe handling practices, do not use personal protective equipment (PPE), and may mix or apply chemicals without proper training. Storage and disposal of pesticides are also often mismanaged, increasing the risk of accidental poisoning for workers and their families. 2. Musculoskeletal Disorders Agriculture involves physically demanding tasks like lifting heavy loads, repetitive motions such as hoeing and harvesting, prolonged bending or squatting, and operating machinery. These activities place significant strain on the musculoskeletal system. Common problems include back pain, joint degeneration, muscle strain, and repetitive stress injuries. Women and older workers are especially vulnerable, as they are often involved in manual ____ __________ ___ ____ ______ _____.
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