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Biological pest control refers to the use of living organisms—such as predators, parasites, or pathogens—to control pest populations in an agricultural setting. This eco-friendly method minimizes the reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides, promotes biodiversity, and ensures sustainable agricultural productivity. In the context of agriculture and allied sectors, biological pest control plays a vital role in integrated pest management (IPM) strategies and helps in maintaining ecological balance. 1. Predatory Control Method Predators are organisms that feed on pests. In agricultural systems, they help in controlling the population of various insect pests. Common predators include ladybird beetles, lacewings, dragonflies, and spiders. For instance, ladybird beetles feed on aphids, which are common pests on crops like wheat, mustard, and vegetables. Predatory mites can be used to control pest mites in fruit orchards. Predators are released into the agricultural environment where pest infestation is identified, and they multiply and naturally manage pest populations without harming crops. 2. Parasitic Control Method Parasites or parasitoids live on or within the pest body and eventually kill it. Parasitoid wasps are widely used in agriculture. For example, *Trichogramma* wasps are known to parasitize the eggs of lepidopteran pests like stem borers and cutworms, which affect rice, maize, and sugarcane crops. The use of *Braconidae* and *Ichneumonidae* families of parasitic wasps helps in managing caterpillar pests in pulses and oilseeds. These biological control agents are often mass-reared in laboratories and then released in the fields at specific intervals for effective control. 3. Microbial Control Method Microbial agents such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa are used to infect and kill pest organisms. These microbial pesticides are highly specific to target pests and safe for beneficial organisms and humans. A well-known bacterial control agent is *Bacillus thuringiensis* (Bt), which produces toxins lethal to certain larvae __________ _________ _________ _____ ________ _____ ________ ___ ______.
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