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The North-South politics in climate change negotiations refers to the complex interplay between developed countries, often referred to as the Global North, and developing countries, known as the Global South, in addressing global climate challenges. This dynamic is rooted in historical, economic, and social inequalities, which have shaped the responsibilities, capacities, and expectations of nations in combating climate change. Understanding this political landscape requires examining historical emissions, economic development, vulnerability to climate impacts, and the negotiations in international forums such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. Historically, industrialized countries in the North, including the United States, European nations, and Japan, have been responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions since the Industrial Revolution. Their rapid industrialization and reliance on fossil fuels led to significant economic growth but also contributed heavily to global carbon emissions. In contrast, the Global South, comprising countries in Africa, Latin America, and parts of Asia, has contributed comparatively less to historical emissions but often suffers disproportionately from the consequences of climate change, such as sea-level rise, extreme weather events, droughts, and biodiversity loss. This disparity forms the ethical and political foundation of the North-South divide in climate negotiations, with the South emphasizing the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” (CBDR) to address historical injustices. The principle of CBDR was enshrined in the UNFCCC in 1992, recognizing that while all nations share the responsibility of combating climate change, developed nations have a greater obligation to lead mitigation efforts and provide financial and technological support to developing countries. The Global South argues that the North, having benefitted from centuries of industrialization, must bear the historical responsibility for the carbon stock accumulated in the atmosphere. This argument extends beyond morality; it includes practical considerations such as the need for funding adaptation measures, transferring green technologies, and capacity building in less developed regions to help them transition to _________ ____ ____ ____ ____.
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