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The philosophy of the participatory approach is rooted in democratic values, social justice, and the belief that people have the right and capacity to influence decisions that affect their lives. It challenges top–down, bureaucratic, and expert-driven models of management by emphasizing shared power, collective decision-making, and mutual accountability. In the context of participatory management, this approach views stakeholders not as passive beneficiaries but as active partners who possess valuable knowledge, experience, and agency. It assumes that sustainable development and effective management emerge when people are involved in identifying problems, planning interventions, implementing activities, and evaluating outcomes. At its core, the participatory philosophy is based on respect for human dignity and local knowledge. It recognizes that communities and workers understand their needs, priorities, and constraints better than external authorities. Therefore, participation is not merely a ____ ____ ___ _____ _______ ______ ____ ___ ________.
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