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Nomadic pastoralists are communities that primarily depend on the domestication and herding of animals for their livelihood, while frequently moving from one place to another in search of pasture and water. In the context of the history of ecology and environment in India, nomadic pastoralists have played a significant role in shaping the cultural landscape, ecological practices, and social interactions with settled agricultural communities. Their lifestyle and resource management practices have historically contributed to the sustainable use of natural ecosystems, while their interactions with settled groups have been a mix of cooperation, exchange, and conflict. Understanding the major characteristics of nomadic pastoralists and their relationships with settled communities is important to trace the evolution of India’s ecological and environmental history. The primary characteristic of nomadic pastoralists is mobility. They migrate seasonally between different regions to ensure their animals have adequate grazing grounds and water resources. This movement is usually dictated by climatic conditions, rainfall patterns, and the availability of pastures. For example, pastoralist groups in India such as the Raikas of Rajasthan or the Gaddis of Himachal Pradesh move their herds to high-altitude summer pastures and descend to lowlands during winter. This transhumant migration reflects an adaptive _____ _______ _____ ____ __________ _______ _________ _____.
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