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The colonial environmental agenda in India was shaped by the larger objectives of British imperial rule, which prioritized economic extraction, control over natural resources, and administrative efficiency over the ecological well-being of the region. While some policies introduced under British rule laid the foundation for modern environmental regulation, the overall colonial approach was marked by an instrumental view of nature that subordinated ecological balance and indigenous practices to the imperatives of empire-building. A critical examination of the colonial environmental agenda must consider its motivations, implementations, impacts on traditional knowledge systems, and long-term consequences for India's ecology and society. The primary motive of the British environmental agenda was to facilitate economic exploitation of India's natural wealth. Forests, rivers, and mineral resources were seen as assets to be extracted for the benefit of the British economy. Timber was required for shipbuilding, railways, and military infrastructure, while mineral wealth and agricultural surplus supported the needs of industrial capitalism. This led to the formalization of resource management under the colonial state, which systematically dispossessed local communities of their customary rights and restructured natural landscapes for profit. Forests were a central focus of colonial environmental governance. The establishment of the Indian Forest Department in 1864 marked a turning point in state control over natural resources. The Indian Forest Act of 1865, _________ ____ ______ ___ _____ _____.
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