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The demographic and health status of women in India reflects a complex interplay of historical, socio-cultural, economic, and political factors that shape gender relations. Indian perspectives on these issues are influenced by the country’s unique socio-cultural traditions, constitutional commitments to gender equality, and the policy frameworks aimed at improving women’s well-being. Despite progress in health infrastructure, education, and economic participation, persistent gender disparities remain visible through demographic indicators such as sex ratio, life expectancy, fertility rate, and maternal mortality. These indicators do not merely reflect biological or medical realities; they also reveal deep-seated gender biases, discriminatory practices, and structural inequalities that affect women’s lives from birth to old age. From an Indian standpoint, demographic trends are both a cause and consequence of women’s marginalisation. The sex ratio, a critical demographic indicator, has historically been skewed against females in India. According to Census data, the overall sex ratio in 2011 was 940 females per 1,000 males, while the child sex ratio (0–6 years) was only 919, indicating a preference for male children. This imbalance stems from socio-cultural factors such as patriarchal family structures, dowry practices, and the perception of sons as carriers of lineage and economic security. The widespread _________ _________ _____ ________ _________ _________ ________ ____.
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