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India's demographic and health landscape reveals significant insights into the status of women, reflecting both progress and persistent disparities. While policy interventions and socio-economic development have improved some indicators, entrenched gender biases and structural inequalities continue to affect the health and well-being of women. Analyzing indicators such as sex ratio, life expectancy, fertility rate, and maternal mortality provides a critical lens to understand gender disparities in Indian society. Sex ratio is a powerful demographic indicator that reflects the cultural and social valuation of women in society. According to the 2011 Census, India’s overall sex ratio stood at 940 females per 1000 males, and although the figure has improved slightly in recent years—reaching 1020 in the 2019-21 NFHS-5 report—this numerical progress is complex. The child sex ratio (0–6 years), however, continues to be skewed. It was reported as 919 females per 1000 males in the 2011 Census and has only slightly improved in subsequent surveys. This skewed ratio is largely a result of son preference, sex-selective abortions, and unequal access to healthcare and nutrition for girls. Despite the implementation of the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act, enforcement remains weak in many areas, especially in northern states like Haryana and Punjab, where patriarchal norms are more pronounced. The life expectancy of Indian women has improved steadily over the decades and currently exceeds that of men. As per the Sample Registration System (SRS) statistical report 2022, female life expectancy stands at approximately 71.8 years compared to 68.4 years for men. This increase can be attributed to improved access to healthcare services, better disease control, and maternal and child health programs. However, these improvements do not negate the fact that women’s health ____ _________ _________ ________ _________ ______ ____.
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