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The Hindi-Urdu controversy emerged as a significant linguistic and socio-political debate in India during the mid-18th to mid-19th century, reflecting the complexities of colonial policies, cultural identities, and the rise of communal consciousness. Hindi and Urdu had originated from the same linguistic root, Hindustani, which evolved in North India as a result of the interaction between Persian, Arabic, and local Prakrit and Apabhramsha dialects. For centuries, Hindustani served as a lingua franca across northern India, used by both Hindus and Muslims in daily communication. However, in the 18th and 19th centuries, distinctions began to arise between the two forms of the language, largely due to political and cultural developments during the decline of the Mughal Empire and the consolidation of British colonial power. During the late Mughal period, the form of Hindustani patronized by the court and used in literature was heavily Persianized, which later came to be known as Urdu. It was ____ _____ ______ _____ __________ _______ ____ ______ _________ _____ __________.
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