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The Hyderabad state, established under the Asaf Jahi dynasty in the early 18th century, was one of the most prominent princely states in India during the mid-18th to mid-19th century. Its administrative structure was shaped by a blend of Mughal traditions, local governance practices, and the emerging pressures of British colonialism. The Hyderabad state developed a distinctive administrative system to maintain control over its diverse and expansive territories.

### Foundation and Hierarchical Framework

The administrative setup of Hyderabad was heavily influenced by its foundation under Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I, who declared independence from the Mughal Empire in 1724. The Nizam adopted a feudal system that combined centralized control with local governance. The Nizam functioned as the supreme authority, both as the head of the state and the military commander. Below him was a network of officials who managed revenue, law and order, and administration.

The state was divided into several administrative divisions, called *sarkars* or *subas*, which were further divided into *parganas* and villages. At each level, the governance was managed by officials appointed by the Nizam, creating a hierarchical system of administration. The state was known for its efforts to retain political stability while navigating challenges from both internal dissent and external colonial pressures.

### Revenue Administration

Revenue administration was a cornerstone of Hyderabad's governance. The Mughal *mansabdari* and *jagir* systems heavily influenced the revenue framework. The Nizam distributed large tracts of land as *jagirs* (land grants) to nobles, military commanders, and other influential figures in return for their loyalty and military service. These *jagirdars* were responsible for collecting revenue and maintaining law and order within their jurisdictions.

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