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The term “tribe” has been a subject of much debate and interpretation within anthropology, especially in the Indian context. Anthropologists have attempted to define tribes based on cultural, economic, social, and political characteristics. In India, the classification and understanding of tribes are deeply tied to colonial administrative frameworks, post-colonial identity politics, and socio-economic realities. Furthermore, the complex interrelationship between tribes and castes has led to the formulation of the “tribe-caste continuum,” a theory that continues to generate scholarly discussion. Anthropologically, tribes are often described as relatively homogeneous, self-contained communities with distinct cultural practices, social organization, language, and belief systems. They are generally characterized by the absence of a rigid social hierarchy, unlike the caste system, and are often subsistence-based economies relying on hunting, gathering, shifting cultivation, or pastoralism. Tribal societies typically display close kinship ties, communal land ownership, and strong local traditions and rituals. Some of the notable anthropologists who have attempted to define tribes include D.N. Majumdar, Verrier Elwin, and G.S. Ghurye. D.N. Majumdar defined tribes as social groups with territorial affiliation, endogamous in nature, having no specialization of functions and ruled by tribal officers. Verrier Elwin, who advocated for the preservation of tribal culture, emphasized the cultural distinctiveness and autonomy of tribal communities. G.S. Ghurye, on the other hand, critiqued the concept of “tribe” as an artificial construct, arguing that many so-called tribes had already assimilated into Hindu society and caste structures. The British colonial administration played a significant role in categorizing and defining tribes through ethnographic surveys and censuses. The label “tribe” was used to distinguish certain communities from the caste-based Hindu social order. This classification had administrative, political, and economic implications, influencing policies related to land rights, education, and reservations. The post-independence Indian state ____ ________ ________ _______ _____ _____ _____ ________.
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