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Land alienation and debt-bondage are two of the most significant socio-economic issues affecting tribal communities in India. These problems are deeply intertwined with historical exploitation, marginalization, and the failure of institutional mechanisms to protect tribal rights over land and livelihood. Despite constitutional safeguards and protective legislation, large sections of the tribal population continue to face systemic deprivation and loss of their traditional resources. An in-depth reflection on these issues reveals the complex dynamics of dispossession, exploitation, and resistance among Indian tribes. Land is not just a source of economic sustenance for the tribal people; it holds immense cultural, spiritual, and social significance. Tribes have traditionally lived in close harmony with nature, depending on forests and land for agriculture, collection of minor forest produce, and grazing. Land, in this context, is not merely property but a vital component of their identity and heritage. However, with the advent of colonial policies and the post-independence developmental agenda, tribals have increasingly been alienated from their ancestral lands. The British colonial administration introduced the concept of individual land ownership, which disrupted the collective and customary rights of tribes. The introduction of land revenue systems and forest laws excluded tribal people from access to forests and declared vast tracts of their land as state property. Post-independence, despite constitutional recognition and protective legislation such as the Fifth and Sixth Schedules, the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, and provisions under the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA), land alienation continued in multiple forms. A significant factor behind this is the weak implementation of these laws and the overriding power of mainstream development policies that prioritize industrialization, mining, and infrastructure development over tribal rights. Large-scale land alienation among tribes occurs due to multiple reasons. One of the most prevalent causes ________ ______ ________ _________ _________ _____ _______ ______ _______ ___ ______ ________.
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