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El Niño and La Niña are opposite phases of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that originates in the tropical Pacific Ocean and significantly influences global weather and climate. These phenomena alter sea surface temperatures, atmospheric pressure, trade winds, ocean currents, precipitation patterns, and the frequency of extreme weather events across different parts of the world. Simple Diagram of ENSO Phases El Niño ``` South America Australia/Indonesia | | Warm Water <-------------------------- Weak Trade Winds ↑ Higher Sea Surface Temperature Reduced Upwelling ``` La Niña ``` South America Australia/Indonesia | | Strong Trade Winds ------------------------> Cold Water Upwelling ↑ Cool Sea Surface Temperature ``` The major differences between El Niño and La Niña are as follows: | Aspect | El Niño | La Niña | | ----------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Meaning | Warm phase of ENSO | Cold phase of ENSO | | Sea Surface Temperature | Abnormally warm in central and eastern Pacific Ocean | Abnormally cool in central and eastern ____ ______ ____ _____ _______ ___ _______ ____ ___ ______.
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