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The Earth's atmosphere is a complex envelope of gases surrounding the planet, extending from the surface to several thousand kilometres into space. It is held in place by Earth's gravity and is divided into distinct vertical layers based on variations in temperature, composition, and physical properties. Each layer has unique characteristics and plays a vital role in maintaining weather, climate, and life on Earth. The lowest layer is the troposphere, which extends from the Earth's surface to an average height of about 8 km near the poles and 16–18 km near the equator. It contains nearly 75% of the total atmospheric mass and almost all atmospheric water vapour, dust particles, and aerosols. Temperature decreases with altitude at an average environmental lapse rate of about 6.5°C per kilometre. All weather phenomena such as clouds, rainfall, thunderstorms, cyclones, and winds occur in this layer because of the presence of moisture and active vertical air movements. The upper boundary of the troposphere is ____ ______ ____ ________ ______ _______.
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