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Enzyme engineering is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on modifying the structure and function of enzymes to enhance their performance, stability, specificity, and applicability in various industrial, medical, and environmental processes. Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions under mild conditions, making them highly efficient and selective compared to traditional chemical catalysts. However, naturally occurring enzymes often have limitations such as sensitivity to temperature, pH, solvents, or substrate specificity, which can restrict their use in industrial applications. Enzyme engineering addresses these limitations by designing or modifying enzymes to meet specific requirements, thereby expanding their utility. There are two primary approaches to enzyme engineering: rational design and directed evolution. Rational design involves making specific, intentional changes to the enzyme’s ______ ___ ____ _______ _______ ___ ______.
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