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Ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. It seeks to understand the vital connections between plants and animals and the world around them. Ecology encompasses the study of individual organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere as a whole, analyzing how these elements interact, adapt, and evolve over time. It is inherently interdisciplinary, drawing from biology, geography, climatology, and social sciences, particularly anthropology. The ecological perspective in anthropology has evolved through several stages, integrating both biological and cultural dimensions of human-environment interactions. Environmental or ecological anthropology specifically focuses on how human populations adapt to their environments and how their cultural practices influence ecological outcomes. The development of this perspective reflects broader trends in anthropology, including a shift from purely cultural explanations to integrated bio-cultural analyses. The roots of ecological thinking in anthropology can be traced to the early 20th century, although the term "ecological anthropology" was not widely used until the 1960s. Initially, anthropologists like Julian Steward and Leslie White laid the foundation for ecological thought by examining how cultural evolution and environmental factors were intertwined. Julian Steward introduced the concept of “cultural ecology” in the 1950s, which marked a turning point in the development of ecological anthropology. Steward rejected the idea of environmental determinism—the notion that environment solely shapes culture—and instead proposed a multilinear model of cultural evolution. According to Steward, cultures adapt to their environment in different ways, and these adaptations are shaped by _________ _______ ______ ___ _____ __________ _____ ______ ___ ____ _____ ___.
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