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Ecological anthropology, a subfield of environmental anthropology, focuses on the dynamic relationships between human populations and their surrounding environments. It seeks to understand how cultural beliefs, social structures, and subsistence practices are shaped by and, in turn, shape the ecological contexts in which people live. Over the decades, ecological anthropology has evolved through multiple theoretical paradigms and methodological innovations. These paradigms reflect broader shifts in anthropology and the social sciences and are influenced by developments in ecology, systems theory, political economy, and postmodern thought. Theoretical paradigms in ecological anthropology can be broadly categorized into several phases: cultural ecology, systems ecology, ethnoecology, historical ecology, and political ecology. Each paradigm represents a particular way of conceptualizing human-environment interactions and is supported by corresponding methodological approaches. Cultural Ecology Cultural ecology, primarily developed by Julian Steward in the mid-20th century, was one of the foundational paradigms in ecological anthropology. Steward proposed that human societies adapt to their environment through culturally mediated strategies. His methodological approach emphasized the study of the “cultural core,” referring to the features of a society most closely related to subsistence and economic activities. Steward argued that these core features were shaped by environmental constraints and opportunities, especially in small-scale, non-industrial societies. Cultural ecology emphasized a multilinear evolutionary framework, rejecting earlier unilinear theories of social evolution. Steward’s comparative method involved analyzing different cultures facing similar environmental challenges to identify patterns of adaptation. This approach contributed significantly to anthropology _________ ______ _____ ___ ___ ________ ____ _______ _________ ____.
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