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The term *indigenous peoples* refers to ethnic groups who are the original inhabitants of a particular geographical region, having distinct social, cultural, economic, and political systems that are often deeply rooted in their traditional territories and ecosystems. Globally, indigenous communities are known for their profound connection to nature, spiritual practices, and self-sufficient economies. In the Indian context, these groups are commonly referred to as *Adivasis*, and they constitute a significant part of the tribal population of the country. They are predominantly concentrated in forested regions, especially in central India, northeastern states, and parts of southern India. Indigenous peoples often have intricate ecological knowledge and a symbiotic relationship with forests, which serve as their source of livelihood, identity, and culture. The discipline of environmental anthropology studies how different cultures perceive, interact with, and manage their natural environment. Within this field, the study of indigenous peoples holds special relevance due to their traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and sustainable use of natural resources. Adivasis in India traditionally manage forest resources through community-based conservation, sacred groves, shifting cultivation, and resource sharing mechanisms, which stand in contrast to state-driven models of forest management. These indigenous practices often emphasize coexistence and long-term sustainability, unlike the exploitative tendencies found in many modern development projects. India’s colonial forest policies significantly disrupted the relationship between indigenous communities and their environment. During British colonial rule, particularly from the mid-19th century onwards, forests were increasingly seen as commercial assets. The British administration introduced several legal mechanisms, notably the Indian Forest Acts of 1865, 1878, and 1927, which declared vast tracts of forest land as state property. These laws classified forests into *Reserved Forests*, *Protected Forests*, and *Village Forests*, placing tight control over access to forest resources. Reserved forests, in particular, restricted indigenous peoples’ traditional rights such as grazing, hunting, and collecting firewood, often criminalizing their everyday activities. _____ __________ _________ __________ _____ _____ ________ ____ _____ __________ __________.
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