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The tribal population in India has historically faced marginalization, exploitation, and socio-economic exclusion. In response, the Indian state has constituted several commissions and committees over the years to assess the condition of Scheduled Tribes (STs) and to recommend measures for their welfare, protection, and development. These commissions have examined issues related to land alienation, displacement, education, health, political representation, and implementation of constitutional safeguards. A critical examination of the major tribal commissions and their recommendations is essential to understand the policy trajectory and the challenges in tribal welfare. 1. The Dhebar Commission (Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes Commission), 1960-61 The Dhebar Commission, chaired by U.N. Dhebar, was the first major post-independence commission set up to evaluate the progress of Scheduled Tribes and the functioning of the administrative machinery related to Scheduled Areas and Tribes. Key Recommendations: * The commission stressed the need for an integrated approach to tribal development, including agriculture, education, and health. * It highlighted the issue of land alienation and exploitation by moneylenders and called for stricter land reform laws and institutional credit facilities. * It pointed out the failure of the Panchsheel principles (propounded by Nehru) due to lack of implementation. * It introduced the concept of the "tribal sub-plan" as a focused development strategy. * The commission also recommended greater autonomy for local governance in tribal areas through tribal advisory councils. Critical Evaluation: The Dhebar Commission laid the foundational framework for tribal development planning in India. It recognized the need for area-specific policies and the inclusion of tribal voices in planning. However, most of its recommendations were not followed with adequate political will, especially the call for land reforms and control over local resources. The idea of a Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) took years to materialize effectively. 2. Shilu Ao Committee (1965) This committee was constituted to assess the educational status of Scheduled Tribes and to suggest strategies for promoting education among them. Key Recommendations: * Establish residential schools and ______ _____ _______ ____ _____ __________ _____ _______ ____.
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