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The history of forest governance in India reveals a consistent pattern of alienation of tribal communities from their traditional forest rights. Forest policies since colonial times prioritized state control over forests, largely undermining the indigenous knowledge systems and the rights of tribal communities. The Forest Rights Act, 2006, emerged as a significant intervention to correct these historical injustices, providing a legal framework to recognize and vest forest rights in forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes (FDSTs) and other traditional forest dwellers (OTFDs). The forest policies of British India were primarily exploitative in nature. The Indian Forest Act of 1865, revised in 1878 and later in 1927, marked the beginning of codified forest governance. The colonial state declared vast forest tracts as state property and denied local communities any legal rights over them. The Indian Forest Act, 1878 classified forests into Reserved, Protected, and Village forests, effectively dispossessing tribals of their traditional access. The emphasis was on revenue generation and timber extraction, especially for railway construction, shipbuilding, and public works. Tribes, who were integral to the forest ecosystems, were reclassified as "encroachers" and “poachers” under these legal regimes. Post-independence forest policies continued the colonial legacy with certain modifications. The first National Forest Policy in 1952 reiterated the state’s monopoly over forests and emphasized their use for national development, including industry and infrastructure. While it recognized the rights and concessions of forest-dependent communities, it subordinated them to national interests. Shifting cultivation, a key practice of many tribal ___ _______ __________ __________ ___ ______ ________ _________ ________ _______ _____.
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