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i. Carbohydrates – 4 Kcal Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for the human body and are one of the three major macronutrients required for normal growth, development, and maintenance of health. One gram of carbohydrate provides approximately 4 kilocalories (Kcal) of energy. They are particularly important for the functioning of the brain, nervous system, and muscles during physical activity. In community nutrition, carbohydrates contribute about 55–65% of the total daily energy intake. Major dietary sources include cereals such as rice, wheat, maize, millet, oats, barley, pulses, potatoes, sweet potatoes, fruits, vegetables, sugar, jaggery, and honey. Carbohydrates are classified into simple carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose) and complex carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, dietary fiber). Adequate carbohydrate intake prevents the breakdown of body proteins for energy and reduces excessive fat metabolism, thereby preventing ketosis. Dietary fiber, a form of carbohydrate, promotes digestive health, prevents constipation, helps control blood glucose levels, and reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Carbohydrate deficiency may lead to fatigue, weakness, weight loss, and ketosis, while excessive intake, especially of refined sugars, contributes to obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dental caries. Therefore, a balanced intake of complex carbohydrates is recommended in community nutrition programs to ensure adequate energy and good health. ii. Vitamin B12 – Cobalamine Vitamin B12 is also known as Cobalamine, a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in red blood cell formation, DNA synthesis, neurological function, and energy metabolism. It is unique among vitamins because it contains the mineral cobalt. Vitamin B12 is mainly obtained from animal-based foods such as meat, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, liver, and poultry. Individuals following strict vegetarian or vegan diets are at greater risk of deficiency unless they consume fortified foods or supplements. Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the ileum with the help of intrinsic factor, a protein secreted by the stomach. Deficiency of vitamin B12 results in megaloblastic anemia, weakness, fatigue, numbness of hands and feet, memory problems, poor coordination, and irreversible nerve damage if untreated. In infants, deficiency __________ _____ __________ ______ _________ _______ _________ ______ ________ ____ _________ _____.
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